Topic : satellite Instructional Television Experiment

Name : Goswami  Gayatri m

M.A Sem : 4

Year : 2015

Roll no : 8

Paper no : 15 Mass communication and Media Studies

PG Enrolment number : 13101011

Email ID : gayatrigaswami19@gmail.com

Submitted to :Department of English smt. SB .Gardi Maharaja Krishnakumar Sinhji Bhavnagar University

Introduction of Satellite Instructional Television 

Experiment :

                        The satellite instructional Television Experiment or SITE was an experimental satellite communication projected launched in Indian in 1975, designed jointly by NASA and the Indian space research organization ( ISRO). An ISRO technician next to a working model of the solid state television set, designed with NASA assistance , for use in SITE .image courtesy NASA.

                       The experiment ran for one year from 1 august 1975 to 1976 , covering more the 2400 villages in 20 district of six Indian states and territories. (Andhra Pradesh , Bihar , Karnataka , Madhya Pradesh , Orissa , Rajasthan) the television programmes were produced by all Indian radio and broadcast by NASA ATS-6 satellite station of the duration of the project.

                      The project was supported by various international agencies such as the UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, and ITO. the experiment was successful, as it played a major role in helping develop India’s own satellite program, INSAT.

                     The project showed that India could use advanced technology to fulfill the socio- economic need of the country. SITE was following by similar experiments in various countries, which showed the important role satellite TV cold play in providing education.

                      Satellite television can be defined as television broadcasting in form using satellite technology. after 1982 when Indian national satellite was launched there come a sharp rise in member of transmitter, bean cooler television and television of aside game increased private investment in television sets.

Today one third of Indian television households have access to C & S TV.

Satellite Instructional Television Experiment:

                   Beginning of satellite Television in India was marked by word first techno social experiment SITE for education and development purpose. That followed number of other experiment like SITE continuity, school television, UGC county wide class room, Sheba development communication UGC project, Indira Gandhi national award open university transmutation and development and lately channels like training and development communication channel and Gyan Darshan for education and social development purpose.

                       Technology provide the scope of democratization at the some time creates issue related to control and access for others who do not own it show technologies varietal role in are life. the SITE education programmers  were also aimed at making the children sensitive to, and learn community living and improve their basic concept and skills in the areas of language and science.

                     The satellite instructional television experiment in the television programmers were directed at creating, purposive and stimulating. the education programmers were so designed as to familiarize children with facts and matters normally beyond their observation and experience.

                       The education and development programmers were beamed up to the satellite from earth stations set up to the satellite from earth station set up in Ahmadabad and Delhi and were broadcast towards India using the high power transmitter and the large antenna aboard ATS -6. These programmer were received in about 2400villages in six different states of India.

                      One of the purposes of the experiment was to provide a system test of direct broadcast technology in relation to a large developing country like Indian could fabricate, manufacture and maintained the required earth station, rebroadcasting transmitters and community raving so in far off villages with adequate efficiency and reliability.

                      The experiment also considered as a learning experience to design, produce and telecast relevant educational and development programmers to widely spread areas of technology management making and program support to tarn this new broadcasting innovation into a powerful aid to education and development for hitherto neglected rural areas.

The study of explored:

1.The extent to which a climate for development was created by SITE.

2. The extent to which SITE accelerated the process of development.

3. The extent to which the attitudinal and behavioral changes took place as a result of SITE.

Result of the experiment were :

1.    As a system test of satellite broadcast technology in a country like India , the experiment was singular success. The research and As a system test of satellite broadcast technology in a country like development capability generated during setting up of this experiment was an invaluable spin – off.

2.     It was more effective than all other media in attracting the female audience.

3.     The continuous feedback through everyday interviews showed that the audience forward to sociocutural programmers.

4.     A large  longitudinal survey showed large goings in information, awareness and knowledge in areas such as health and hygiene, political consciousness, overall modernity , and family planning. it was also found that the gains were greater for under privileged sections of the rural society such as females and illiterates. The gains increased with the degree of television viewing.

5.     In the area of agriculture, large number of innovations triggered by the television programmers. Formers adopted  only those new practices which did not demand additional expense on infrastructure.

6.    A survey of children showed positive gains in the area of language development and in the attitude of seeking knowledge and information from sources other than conventional from sources other than conventional classroom teaching.

7.    I both attitudinal, as well as in behavioral information , the overall modernity information the overall modernity in increased as a result of TV viewers. It was higher among female frequent viewers as imported frequent viewers. They learnt new stories and songs and activities such as making of models and toys becomes popular in most of the schools.

                     Satellite instructional television experiment is one of the pioneer experiment Indian television scenario where television is used for social causes.The experiment become a tool for mass education through various programmers designed exclusively for the project. The programmers concentrated on education, agriculture, health and family planning.

                  It was the first experiment to telecast education programmers direct from satellite to receivers. The earth station at Delhi and Ahmadabad telecasted four hours programmers every day. Adults are exposed to instructional television.

Television programs :

      

Educational television:

                  Educational television programmers designed for school children. Such a programmed focused on education. Broadcast I.S hours programmes as part of the school activity. During holidays, the time used for school teacher empowerment.

                   Varieties of content developed to train teacgers through the facilities provided by the project. Almost 10000 primary school teacher become part of the training program.

Instructional television (ITV):

                  Adults are exposed to instructional television. The village of talk assembled around television sets in evening. Instructional television book or films are to offer them help with a particularly problem. Instructional material designed to help you with your life style. SITE is result of a recommendation by the UNESCO expert mission in 1967.using the facility SITE commenced its operation on august 01, 1975 the experiment become a great success.

                       Technologically the experiment put forward insights and the demands took a positive initiative to develop own satellite for communication. Television is a telecommunication medium that is used of transmitting and receiving moving images and sound.  

                      Television can transmit images that are monochrome, in color or in three dimensions. Television may also refer specifically to a television set , television , program , or television transmission.

                   Television singal were initially distributed only as broadcast television or terrestric television wich is mudded on radio broadcasting systrms.

Type of Television :

Broadcast system in Television :

Satellite Television :

                             Satellite television system is a supplying television programming using broadcast signal relayed from communicating satellite. The signals are received via an outdoor parabolic reflactor antenna usually referred to as a satellite dish and low – noise black down converter. satellite TV system formally used system known as television receiver only  .

Terrestrial Television :

                    

Terrestrial television is a type of television broadcasting in which the television signal is transmitted by radio waves to the TV receiver from a terrestrial (Earth based) transmitter, a television station, and received with an antenna. The term is more common in Europe, while in North America it is referred to as broadcast television or sometimes over-the-air television (OTA). The term "terrestrial" is used to distinguish this type from the newer technology of satellite television(direct broadcast satellite or DBS television), in which the television signal is transmitted to the receiver from an overhead satellite, and cable television, in which the signal is carried to the receiver through a cable.

Cable Television :

                         

Cable television is a system of delivering television programming to paying subscribers via radio frequency (RF) signals transmitted through coaxial cables or light pulses through fiber-optic cables. This contrasts with traditional terrestrial television, in which the television signal is transmitted over the air by radio waves and received by a television antenna attached to the television. FM radio programming, high-speed Internet, telephone service, and similar non-television services may also be provided through these cables.


The abbreviation CATV is often used for cable television. It originally stood for Community Access Television or Community Antenna Television, from cable television's origins in 1948: in areas where over-the-air reception was limited by distance from transmitters or mountainous terrain, large "community antennas" were constructed, and cable was run from them to individual homes. The origins of cable broadcasting are even older as radio programming was distributed by cable in some European cities as far back as 1924.

Internet Television :
Internet television (or online television) is the digital distribution of television content via the Internet. Internet television is a general term that covers the delivery of television shows and other video content over the Internet by video streaming technology, typically by major traditional television broadcasters, as opposed to traditional systems like terrestrial, cable and satellite, although internet itself is received by terrestrial, cable or satellite methods.

Internet television should not to be confused with Smart TV, IPTV or with Web TV. Smart TV refers to the TV set which has an inbuilt operating system. Internet Protocol television (IPTV) is one of the emerging Internet television technology standards for use by television broadcasters. Web television is a term used for programs created by a wide variety of companies and individuals for broadcast on Internet TV.





Image of Television Broadcasting:





Conclusion : 

Satellite Instruction Television Experiment is very brode and huge number in apply in would .

Topic : Major theme in “The sense of an Ending”

Name : Goswami Gayatri Mahipatgiri

Roll no :8

M. A. semester : 4

Year : 2015

PG Enrolment no :13101011

Email ID :gayatrigoswami19@gmail.com

Paper no : 13 The new Literature

Submitted to : Department of English smt. SB .Gardi Maharaja Krishnakumar Sinhji Bhavnagar University

Introduction of Julian Barns :

Born : 19 January 1946 (age 69) Leicester , England

Full Name : Julian Patrick Barns

Pen Name : Dan Cavanaugh (crime fiction) Edward Pygge

Occupation : Writer

Nationality : English

Genre : Novels , short stories ,Essays , Memories

Notable awards ; Prix famine 1992 commander of l’ order les Arts etudes letters 2004

Literary Movement : Postmodernism

Julian Barns is an English writer. Barns won the booker prize for his book “The sense of an Ending” at times , Julian Barns 11th novel .

Introduction of the novel:

The novel ‘The novel of an Ending’ is written by Julian Barns. It very short text and published in 2011 in the U. K. in this novel there are many character’s but the main character and narrator of the novel is a retired man namely Tony Webster.

In the novel narrator Tony Webster talks about his past of his life ‘The sense of an Ending’ novel the genre of this nave literary fiction psychological thriller , memory novel. In this novel rising action with three school friend , one of whom is Tony Webster is joined by a fourth , Adrian Finn , much cleverer than other group members .

The novel ‘The sense of an Ending’ flowed , we would still recommend it as a good selection for reading groups . and in this novel Julian Barns there is much to discuss , and the writing is quite good.
Introduction of the characters:

Tony Webster :
Tony Webster protagonist of the novel. Tony isa typi member of the British midd – middle class , a baby beamer etc.. he is retired arts administrator and live alone. He makes some curt observations about class , sex , repression and the intellectual pretensions of bright young Englishman of his time . Tony is at the centre of the novel around whom the other characters are revealed. Tony’s life is stormed with many memories of his past 40 years.

Tony attended school in the 1960s, and many of his memories centre on him and his friends grappling with the new sexual freedoms. In second part of the novel he re-evaluates the first part of his novel. Tony Webster receives some amount and document from his ex-girl friend’s mother, he re-established contact with Veronica and tries to solve the puzzling questions.

After meeting Veronica Ford and Tony evaluates his first narrated story. Tony makes some conscious observations about class, sex, repression and intellectuality. Tony, when narrated, had a daughter and grand-children. One cannot completely trust his memory because at the age of sixty all events of past cannot be recalled as what truly happened. Tony’s Webster in the novel narration can be called unreliable. Tony concedes that part one is made up of his imperfect shabby memories which even as he writes he realizes are inaccurate. He’s had career and a single marriage, a calm divorce .

Veronica Mary Elizabeth Ford :

Veronica Ford is ex –girlfriend of Tony Webster . She is spiky and enigmatic ex-girlfriend of Tony. Her character is very complicated. Her behavior in her own house seemed mysterious. Later on she dated with Adrian who was Tonys intelligent friend. In the second part Tony tried hard to get some clues from Veronica about Adrian’s diary in possession of Sarah Ford.
Adrian Finn :
The brightest , most intellectual and most self – assured of Tony’s teenage friends. Adrian coming from a dysfunctional family , where his mother left his father clearly have some 'mummy issues' and as we read in the part 1 is a hyper sensitive man Even though he was really happy with Sarah, creating another life due to his weakness and lust made him guilty and he saw the responsibilities ahead him due to his mistake. Adrian was a little more serious than the others . certainly more intelligent but they swore to stay friends forever .
Sarah Ford :

Sarah Ford Veronica Mother .

Susan:

Susan is Tony’s daughter
Robson :

A unprepossessing follow student

Jack : 

Jack is Veronica Ford brother

Elinor Marriott : 

 Elinor Marriott is solicitor
T. J. Gunnell :

T. J. Gunnell is history
Old Joe Hunt : 

Old Joe Hunt is History teacher

Phil Diction :

Phil Diction English teacher

In the novel realationship of the character are quit complicated in the way they behave in the novel. The sense of an Ending greygrim near perfect novella whose his title borrowed from karmodr’s 1967 classic of literary criticism , suggests a creative explanation of the volumes thesis .So that kinds of metter start with the novella ‘The sense of an Ending’
Major Theme in ‘The Sense of an Ending’:

Relationships :

In this novel main bias relationship of the character. As per about my view ‘The Sense Of an Ending’ novel the structure of the relationships and structure of the all are the characters so here I remember one quotation about relationships.

“When a relationship ends , it doesen’t mean two people stop laving each other , coz maybe ,they just stop hurting each other.”

So that kind of relationships in this novel in the novel character ‘s are like Veronica Ford connected with ‘Tony Webster’ and Sarah Ford and Adrian Finn. They all are characters relationships rery complicated and very psychologically relationships with each other .

‘The Sensae of an Ending’ in the big revelation that Tony finally comes to understand at the end of the book is that Adrian and save had an affair leading to a pregnancy wich resulted in the birth of Adrian junior.In addition , the baby ended up being mentally challenged of course the risks of a problem pregnancy were much higher with the mother , Sara , being in her mid to late 40s .

With the revelation of the offair between African and Sara , some of the other puzzle pieces dropped into place for Tony including what the lettrd stand for in the mathematical equations that Adrian created in his diary .Tony doesent like mith equations two closely but as an engineer , I had to jump right in to analyzing Adrian’s equation.

Mere are the two equation (if they don’t display correctly in your browser please refer to the eqation in the novel) :

b = s –v +/x a1

a2 + v + a1 x s = b?

a1 = Adrian

a2 = Tony (Anthony)

v = Veronica

s = Sarah

b = baby

based on Adrian’s descriptions of how he is representing relationships , the first equation doesn’t seem to quite work right but the second equation makes perfect sense. I would translate the second equation as : Tony had a reasonably good relationship with Veronica Foard . than Adrian and formed a passionate relationship resulting in a baby.

Relationship with her daughter Veronica so that Sara seduced her daughter’s boyfriend even though Veronica and Adrian were in the middle of a true love relationship . perhaps both equation are truew Veronica and Adrian were seriously in love but Sara managed to seduce Adrian and Adrian enjoyed his relationship with Sara even though he also still loved Veronica.
Suicide:

‘The sense of an Ending’ two character’s are character this two name Robson commits suicide in the school and than often few years ago Adrian Finn kill himself and committed suicide so this novel comes theme of ‘suicide’ so here both are characters shows them of ‘suicide’

“If had no Sense of Humor , I would long ago have committed suicide”

The sense of an Ending in the novel unprepossessing follow student and very intelligent boy Adrian Finn , so they both are character prove great theme of suicide and here in this story all are major theme is philosophical thinking .

The novel teases out an intrusting them : is it better to live a meaningless life or to committed a meaningful suicide . Robson commit suicide because his girlfriend is pregnant . his suicide note reads “sorry mum” this gives rise to a compelling conversation led mostly by Adrian who quote comes : “ suicide was the only true philosophical question”.

Class conflict :

The novel in the Tony Webster friend Adrian Finn was very intelligent than Tony and Veronica Ford was Tony’s girl friend here in this novel present the Veronica character’s is different from other , she was a misfit in her family and Veronica’s relationship was not healthy with her mother . she felt humiliated .

When Tony one spent a weekend at Veronica’s family home , at that time he had felt and feel very bed uncomfortable , socially inferior ,and he was hardly surprised when mysterious and difficult to understand Veronica took up with more prestigious Adrian. She was a class conscious she choose the better option. This way class conflict is one of the majored theme of ‘The sense of an Ending’ .
Eros and Thantos:

Here present the theme of Erose and Thantos in through the novel . here erotic love connected with the boy Robson , Erotic love means that it involves sexual feelings or arouses sexual desire. Thantos present the death , we are knows Thantos or death is part of life so here Eros and Thantos present love and death so in this novel Adrian Finn and Robson simultaneously in the case of both are the character .

In this theme ,here it should be kept in mind that Thantos also means death as a personification or as a philosophical nation .
The Role of Memory :
The novel sense of an Ending in important role of the time and Memory , in this novel main story of the time of past and past memory . in short say the book Sense of an Ending was open with a short list memory . the novel start with the two reasonably distinct have. The first part about the memories of his final year at the school and his early years at universality .

When was novel begins with the narrative voice brings us face to face with the shoddy reality of one’s own memory , prompting me at least to consider my experience of having my own memories proven wrong .

A parson doesn’t understand all the event in defile. In the novel memory connected with the weakness of memory raising many question like that , why did Veronica’s mother have Adrian? Why did she want Tony and no one else to have it? Tony finds mining his Memory to find answer surrounding Adrian suicide .

His search literally revels the weakness of memory as corroboration . Julian Barns in his novel provides only physical details. hard fact couldn’t come out from his mind. Tony’s recollection of Adrian revels memory to be a fractious and factious. So Tony Webster says later in life .
Conclusion :

At the end with the novel Kermode end the book affirming and ends in a from wich, paradigmatically , imitates the form of the word is created .so the best beginnings are the best faked .ends are ends only when they are not negative but frankly transfigure the events in wich they were imminent .we have our vital interest in the structure of time in the structure of time , in concords books arrange between beginning, middle , and Ends.