what dose 'Arnold mean by 'Anarchy' in society in culture and Anarchy

Name: Goswami Gayatri Mahipatgiri

Paper: 6, MA –part -1-SEM -2

Topic: what dose Arnold mean by anarchy in society in culture & Arnold

Submitted to: department of English, maharaja Krishna kumarsingji Bhavnagar University

v Introduction of Matthew Arnold :

·       Matthew Arnold born in 1822

·       Died in 1888

·       The year’s marked the centenary of Byron’s birth

               

                          The time celebrated its one hundredth anniversary. Sixteen miles west of Landon, the eldest son of Thomas Arnold historian and headmaster of rugby school. The family moved to rugby in 1828 when Thomas Arnold took up his past as headmaster at the school. the future poet .Arthur Hugh clough, became a pupil in 1829,and though four years older than Matthew Arnold ,became a lifelong friend and correspondent. At this time the family began to spend their summers in the Lake District, and in 1830, Matthew Arnold first met the poet William Wordsworth. Although remembered now for his elegantly argued critical essay Matthew Arnold (1822-1888) began his career as a poet, winning  early recognition as a student at the rugby recognition as a student at the rugby school, Arnold also studies at Balliol college, oxford university .and 1844, after completing his undergraduate degree at oxford. Arnold became a first professor to lecture in English rather than Latin.

During this time Arnold wrote the bulk of his most famous critical work, essay, in criticism (1865)and culture and Anarchy (1869_) .in wich he sets forth ideas  that greatly reflect the predominant values of the Victorian era .

v Matthew Arnold work as a novelist and poet :

                 Arnold work is meditative and rhetorical, Arnold poetry often wrestles with problems of psychological isolation. In “to morquelity contived” for example Arnold revises Donne’s assertion that “no man is an island” in the sea of life Enisland”. Other well know poems , such as “Dover Beach” link the problem of isolation with what Arnold saw as the smaller, or less in number faith of his time . Despite his own religious deubts, a source of great an anxiety for him, in several essays, however, were those literary topics. In the foundation of criticism and the study of poetry Arnold called for a new epic poetry: a poetry that would address the moral need of his readers, “to Animate for a renewed religious faith and an adaptation of classical esthetic and are moral.

v Plot of culture and Anarchy :

ü Culture and Anarchy major work of criticism

ü Culture “the study of perfection”

ü Arnold classified English society into the barbarians.(with their lofty spirit, serenity and distinguished manners and their inaccessibility to ideas).

   

               Matthew Arnold, in the first chapter of “culture and Anarchy”-“sweetness and light” has tried to show that culture is the study and pursuit of perfection and sweetness and light, art the main characters. But hitherto he has been insisting chiefly on beauty, or sweetness, as a character of perfection. To complete rightly his design, it evidently remains to speak also of perfection. in this chapter to bring home  his point of anarchy of perfection, and  of culture as giving us light in culture and anarchy . Matthew Arnold sought a center of authority by wich the Anarchy caused by the troubled passage of the reform bill of 1867 might be regulated. At best his style is clear, flexible, and convicting. He wrote in such a complicated mood of indignation, impo0ietnce, and fear, however, that his style and his argumentive method are frequently repetitious and unsystematic.

v  Anarchy in society:

   Anarchy has more than one definition, some used the term “Anarchy” to refer to a society without a publicly enforced government when used in this sense, and Anarchy may or may not be intended to imply political disorder or lawlessness within a society. Many Anarchists complain with Anselme bellegarrigue that vulgar error has taken Anarchy to be synonymous with “civil war”.

         Most individuals who self –identity as Anarchists use the term to imply a system of governance, mostly theoretical at a jurisdiction level. There are also other forms of Anarchy that attempt to avoid the use of coercion, violence, force and authority while still producing a productive and desirable society activity. Than liberty becomes liconce and in organized society Anarchy brake out. Arnold critic  believe in action and not in aesthetic detachment .if this culture a spirit of a cultivated is blind to the existing evils of society or if of being and  this culture is in danger  enemy to all reform and reformer, then that culture is bound to become all moonshine. Arnold critic believes in action and not in esthetic detachment. Arnold’s culture may bring about a spirit of cultivated inaction.     

v How does this effect the working class?

                         The poor working class pressed by the hard daily compulsion of material wants is lured by the political ideal of personal liberty. That is, right to do as he likes for an individual. The modern spirit of freedom wich boils down to a blind faith in doing what one likes and in machinery, “so the working in Arnold’s time, is asserting their light to do what they like, meet where they, meet where they like and enter where they like. And all this tend to Anarchy. These acts of toadyism of the messes are only the assertion of their personal liberty .this is to be tolerated without a protest as every man has a right to do what he likes. The rule of reason is banished from the society .culture alone can counteract the tendency to anarchy in England of Arnold’s age.

“Culture can remedy Anarchy in society”.

The authority of right reason derived from culture.

“to this end culture must find all kind of Anarchy in our society”.

v Culture and Anarchy in society:

  

·       Culture:

Culture is ought to be, the study and pursuit of perfection: and that of perfection as pursued by culture, beauty and intelligence, or, in other words

Wetness and light, are the main character.

Anarchy:

Doing as one likes may become an anti-social activity. This political mistn and it may lead to Anarchy.

            Culture and Anarchy foremost design in writing this preface to address a word of exhortation to the society for promoting Christian knowledge, in the essay wich follows, the reader will often find bishop Wilson quoted. The disparages of culture make its motive mere exclusiveness and vanity. The culture which is supposed to plume itself if on a smelting of Greek and Latin is a culture which is begotten by nothing so intellectual as curiosity; it is valued either out of sheer vanity and ignorance, or else an engine of social and class distinction, separating its holder, like a badge or title, from other people who have not got it no serious man would call this culture.

ü Human Bing is do it logical argument is the petionality.

ü It was first used to emphasize national and traditional culture, including the new concept of folk culture.

ü It was used altak what was seen as the mechanical character of  the new civilization

ü Than emerging Bothe for its abstract rationalism and for the inhumanity of industrial development.

ü Culture of social and economic groups within a nation.

ü Culture is a independent

ü Culture and cultural and subculture

Culture another view. In wich not sole by the scientific passion, the sheer desire to see things as they are, natural and proper in an intelligent being, appears as the ground of it. culture is then properly described not as having its origin in curiosity , but as having its origin in the love .to compete rightly my design , it evidently remains to speak also of intelligence,  or light, as a character of perfection  .it is impossible that all these remonstrance’s and reproofs  should not affect me and I shall try my very best, in completing my design and in speaking of light, to profit by the objection  I have heard and read ,and to drive at practice as much as I can, by showing the communication and passages into practical life from the doctorial wich I am including.  

irony and style in sense and sensibility

Name: Goswami Gayatri Mahipatgiri

Paper: 5- The Romantic Literature

MA –part -1-SEM -2

Roll no.:09

Topic: Irony and Style in Sense and Sensibility

Submitted to: Department of English,

Smt. S. B. Gardi

Maharaja Krshnkumarsinhji Bhavnagar University

        Introduction of Jane Austen:

      

·       Jane Austen was born in Hampshire, the united kingdom December 16,1775

·       Died July  18, 1817

·       Genre : literature and fiction, romance

         Jane Austen works of romantic fiction, set among the landed gentry, earned her a place as one of the most widdly read writers in English literature.

     Her realism and biting social commentary commenting her historical importance among scholars and critics

     Austen’s works critique the novels of sensibility of the second half of the 18^th century and are part of the transition to 19^th century realism.

     Austen lived her entire life as part of a close knit family located on the lower fringes of the English landed gentry. She was educated primarily  by her father and older brother  as well as through her own reading .the steadfast support of her family was critical to her development as a professional writer. Her artistic apprenticeship lasted from her tanager years unfill she was about “35 years” old.

                                 

                                             During this period, she experimented with various literary forms, including the fourth. from 1811 until 1816, with the release of sense and sensibility .pride and prejudice, Mansfield park and Emma she achieved success as a published writer ,she wrote two additional novels , Northanger abbey and persuasion, both  published posthumously in 1818, and began a third ,wich  was eventually titled sandstone , but did before completing it. 

                                          Austen’s works critique the novels of sensibility of the second half of the 18^th century and are part of the transition to 19^th century realism. Her plots, though fundamentally comic, highlight the dependence of woman on marriage to secure social standing and economic security.

Her work brought her little personal fame and only a few positive reviews during her lifetime, but the publication in 1869 of her nephew’s memoir of Jane Austen introduce her to a become widely Accepted in academia as great English writer.

The second half of the 20^th century saw a proliferation.

  “ Irony in sense and  sensibility”:

·       “she was a woman who spent her days in sitting , nicely dressed, on a safe doing some long piece of needlework of little use and no beauty , thinking more of her pug than her children ,but very indulgent to the latter when it did not put herself to inconvenience.

·       “Irony” is one of Austen’s most haricot eristic and most  discussed literary techniques. She contrast the plain meaning of a statement with  the comic, undermining the  meaning of the original to create ironic isjunctions .in her juvenile works , she relies upon satire , the article is about the genre. For the mythological creature, so satyr.

·       “Satire”  is  a  genre of literature, and sometimes graphic and performing arts.  In wich vices, fillies, abuses, and shortcoming are held up to ridicule, ideally with the intent of shaming individualism, corporations, government or society itself, into improvement. Although satire is usually meant to be humorous ,its  greater purpose is often constructive social criticism , using wit as a weapon and as a tool to draw attention to both particular and wider issues in society.

·       A feature of satire is strong irony or sarcasm in satire, irony is militant but parody , burlesque, exaggeration, juxtaposition  comparison , analogy , and double Dendrite are all frequently used in satirical speech and writing.

“she relies upon satire ,parody , and irony based on incongruity”

·       Here mature novels employ irony to foregrounds social hypocrisy .in particular Austen uses irony to critique the marriage market.

·       For example :

Perhaps the most famous example of irony in Austen is the opening  line of pride and prejudice.

‘it is a truth universally acknowledged , that a single man be in want of a wife”. A first glance the sentence is straightforward and plausible , but the plot of the novel contradicts it:

       It is women without fortunes who need husbands and seek them out. By the end of novel ,the  truth of the statement is acknowledge only by a single character ,mrs. Bennet a mother sacking husbands for her daughters , rather than the entire world . Austen irony goes beyond the sentence level. As Austen scholar Jan Fergus  explain , “the major structural device of ironies within the novel’s action wich ,like parallels and contrasts , challenge the reader’s  attention’s  and judgment  throughout, and in the end also engage his feelings.

      Irony in Jan Austen’s novel :

      The use of irony in Jane Austen’s novel:

    

           In the context of Austen, irony is best understood as a mode of expression  that  calls into question the way things  appear. As Marvin mud rick remark, ‘irony … consists and pretension, between   being and seeming , between …man  as he is and mass  as a kind of relief from man’s  involve met toward delusion and error’.

              Austen, however, used irony for satiric as well as comic effect. Often, then the ironic comments in her novels do more than exposed her character’s misguided  assumption ; irony helps her condom the social norms that helps foster such beliefs.

                   

               In Austen’s   novels appear in immamorable ways ,it is occur during a verbal exchange for instance, in sense and sensibility , this is how Elinor defends colonel Borden’s use  of a bland waistcoat .that he been only in a violent fevet, you would not have despised him half so much .

    For example:

In Emma, the fact that Emma blithely idealized a portrait of Harriet smith underscores the fact that Emma imagines much that is not true about her Newfield.

Austen’s irony may also depend upon a disparity between what can be seen and what is invisible. Willoughby’s person and air are equal to what for the hero of a favorite’s story’; however, he behaves like a cad.

ü Austen uses irony as a means of moral and social satire.

ü Her sentences  ,while usually simple and direct , contra

ü Contain within them the basic contradictions with reveal profound insight into character and theme.

ü  This is most obvious in her blunt character sketches.

ü Her irony ranges from the gentle to the severe.

ü It is quite ironic scene of the novel.

ü Jane Austen has used irony to bring out the inward consciousness and hypocrisy of individuals and society of the time

ü These all aspects of ‘irony’ can be found in the novel sense and sensibility by Jane Austin.  

    Austin’s portrayal of sir john Middleton and Lady Middleton is also ironic in the sense that Austen highlights their idle existence.

v   Austen’s writing style in sense and sensibility :

Jane Austen is considered to be one the world’s greatest novelist .the earliest novel, sense and sensibility, is the story two sister who must grow in opposite ways.

ü Austen distinct style is evident throughout

The novel .Austen creates a world that is indirect but realistic .the reader must evident throughout the novel. 

    Sense  and sensibility in writing style of Jane  Austen:

Parody and Burlesque

                            

Irony

Conversation and language

Genre

Realism

Free indirect speech

 

Parody and Burlesque:

In Northanger Abbey, Austen parodies the Gothic literary style that was popular during the 1790s. Pride and Prejudice which begun as an Epistolary novel. Parody and Burlesques of popular 18^th century genres, such as the sentimental novel.

Irony:

She contrasts the plain meaning of a statement with the comic, underling the meaning of the original to create ironic disjunction.

Free indirect speech:

Austen is most renewed for her development of free indirect speech, a technique pioneered by 18^th century novelists Henry Fielding and Frances Burney.

Conversation and language:

“Then” , observed Elizabeth “you must comprehend a great deal in your idea of an accomplished woman”. Conversation contain many short sentences, question and answer pairs and rapid exchange between characters.

Realism:

The extent to wich Austen’s novels are realistic is vigorously debated by scholars. The lack of physical description in her novels lends them an air of unreality. In Austen novels, as page notes there is a conspicuous absence of words referring to physical perception the world of shape and coloure and sensuous response.

Genre:

Jane Austen famously wrote to her nephew James Edward Austen that his ‘strong, manly, spirited sketches full of aboriety and glow’ would not fit on the little bit of irony on which work with so fine a brush, as produce little effect affect after much labour.

Jane Austen distinctive quality different type of the use writing style in the novel. Literary style relies on a combination of parody, burlesque, irony, free indirect speech, and a degree of realism.

She uses to parody and burlesque for comic effect and to critique the portrayal of women in 18^th century sentimental and Gothic novels. Austen extends her critique by highlighting social hypocrisy through irony. She often create an ironic tone through free indirect speech critics believe Austen’s characters have psychological depth informs their views regarding her realism. While some scholars argue that Austen fails into a tradition of realism because of her finally executed portrayal of a individual character and her emphasis on “everyday” others connected that her characters lack a depth of feeling compared with earlier works and that is combined with Austen polemical tone, place her outside the realist tradition.

   

 

Name :- Goswami Gayatri  M

Paper :- 04 Indian writing in English

Assignment:- The dramatist’s purpose blind rewriting the myth

Sem :-  1- part -1

Submitted to

        S.B.Gardi.department of English

                   Bhavnagar university

v    The dramatist purpose blind Rewriting the Myth :-

v    Myth:-

    “A Myth is a well know story  with which was  made up in the past to explain natural events or to justify religious beliefs or social customs”

       In classical Greek “mythos” significant any story or plot, whether true any story or invented.

     In its central modern significant however , a myth is one story in a mythology.

    There is a famous greek myth in which icarus flae to near to the sun.

    Contrary to the popular myth , women are not reckless spendthrifts .

The myth a system of hereditary stories of ancient origin which were one believed tobe true by particular culture group ,and which served to explain in terms of the intention and action of laities and other supernatural being why the the world is as it is and things happen as they do ,to provide a rationale for social customs and observance , and to established the sanctions for the rules by which people conduct their lives.

          Most myths are related to social ritual,

          Set forms and procedures in screed ceremonies ,but anthropologists disagree as to whether ritual generated myths .

See Levi-Strauss , “the structure study of myth , “in structural anthropology (1968), and refer to structuralism criticism and semiotics .

          It can be said that a mythology is a religion wich we do not believe.

Poets , however ,after having ceased to belive them , have persisted in using the myths of Jupiter , venues , Prometheus ,Wotan  , adom and Eve , and jonah for their plats ,Episodes , or allusions; as coleridge said” , “still doth the old instinct bring back the old names”.

               The tern “myth” has also been extended to donate supernatural tales that are deliberately invented by their authors

                 Plato in the fourth century BC used such invented myths in order to project philosophical speculate action beyond the paint at which certain knowledge is possible; …

                The German romantic authors Schelling and friedrich schlege proposed that to write .great literature , modern poets must develop a new unifying mythology which will synthesized the insights of the physical science

                 In the same period in Englend William Blake  , who felt “I must  create a system or be Ensloved by another man’s , Incorporated in his poems system of mythology he had himself created by fusing Hereditor myths ,biblical history and his Owen intuitions ,vision and Intellection .

                 A number of modem writers have also asserted that an integrative mythology , whether Inherited or Invent , is  Essential to literature.

               James Joyce in Ulysses and Finnegan’s wake , T.S .Eliot in the waste land , Electra ,and many  other writers have deliberately woven their modern on the pattern of ancient myth ,while W.B.Yeats ,like his admired preseason blank , undertook  to construct his own systematic mythology ,witch he expounded in a vision (1926) and Embodied in a number of remarkable lyric poem such as “the second coming  and “Byzantium”.

               Around the middle of the twentieth century , “myth” in contemporary criticism , became a permanent term in literary analysis .

           A large group of eriters ,the myth critics .

 “ The mythical  world of Moby”.

“The Truth of  Myth”

    Myth is usual acceptation of the word ,belongs to the ream of the imagination , which as such is distinct from ,even opposed to ,the would of reality .

The Presting of the cosmogony myth

            A myth related a sacred story ,that is say, it recounts a primordial event that occurred at the beginning of time. But to tell a sacred story is equivalent to revealing a mystery . because the characters in a myth are not human being.

            “the logic of mythopoeia thought”

    We have hitherto been at pains to show that for primitive man thoughts are not autonomous, that they remain involved in the curious attitude toward the phenomenal word which we have called a confrontation of life with life.

   “Mythic thought in the ancient near east”

      Before philosophy is an attempt by certain members of the oriental institute in Chicago to recover and expound “the view which the ancient peoples of Egypt and Mesopotamia took of the world in which they lived.

“Myth and the old testament”

(john l. mckenzie).   “Definition of myth”

The initial difficulty in our topic is the definition of myth .the Oxford English dictionary defines myth as “a purely fictitious narrative usually involving supernatural person ,action ,or events ,and embodying some popular idea concerning natural or historical phenomena”.

“mythology”

“As is the world on the blank

So is the mind of the man”.

“only the tract where he sails

He wots of :only the thoughts,

Raised by the objects he passes ,are his”.