Topic : “Okonkwo as a Tragic Hero” in Things Fall Apart

Name : Goswami Gayatri M

Roll no : 11

M.A. Semester : 4

Year : 2015 -2016

Enrolment No : PG13101011

Email ID : gayatrigoswami19@gmail.com

Paper No : 14 The African Literature

Submitted to : Department of English smt. S. B . Gardi M. K. Bhavnagar University

Introduction of Chinua Achebe :

Born : 16 November 1930 , Ogidi . Nigerian Protector .

Full Name : Albert Chinualumongu Achebe .

Died : 2 1 March 2013 (Age 82) Boston , Massachusetts , United States .

Occupation : David and Marianna Fisher University Professor and Professor of African Studies Broun

University

Nationality : Nigerian

Ethnicity : Igbo

Period : 1958 – 2013

Notable Work :

1. The African Trilogy


2. Things Fall Apart


3. No Longer of Ease


4. Arrows of God


5. A Man of the people and


6. Anthills of the savamoh

               An African Man , Chinua Achebe , Wrote the novel , Things Fall Apart , at the Age of 26 .He showed the true culture and tradition of the Africans before European colonization . Things Fall Apart is Chinua Achebe First novel and was Achebe become fascinated with world religions and traditional African culture . When the region of Biafra broken away from Nigerian 1967, Achebe become a supporter of Biafra Independence and as ambassador for the people of the new Nation .

             After graduation he worked for the Nigerian broadcasting service and soon moved to the metro palls of lags . Achebe wrote his novel in English and defended the use of English a language of colonizers in African literature . He gained worldwide attention for things fall Apart . 

Introduction of the Novel :

character mape of things fall Apart :

              “Things Fall Apart” is Chinua Achebe’s first novel and was published in 1958 a time often called the Nigerian Renaissance in that period a large number began to create a powerful new literature that drew on the traditional oral literature European literature , and the changing time in Nigeria .

        Thigs Fall Apart is a story about Okonkowo and how life Falls apart . Okonkwo than hangs himself for unknown reason . Achebe we can compare and contrast two main character that are actually very different , even though related .


                Okonkwo , the main character in Chinua Achebe novel Things Fall Apart , was a tragic figure . Okonkwo was not cruel man .

“Theme are the fundamental and often universal ideas explored in a literary work”

        Achebe express his views about misrepresentation of African by condor and Joyce carry .
Okonkwo as a Tragic Hero:


              In Chinua Achebe’s novel “Things Fall Apart” Okonkwo is a tragic Hero . Okonkwo Aristotle ‘s poetics defines a Tragic Hero as a good man of high status who an display a tragic flow ‘Hamartia ‘ and experience a dramatic reversal ‘ Peripatetia ’as well as an intense moment of recognition ‘One agonizes’.

               Okonkwo is a leader and hardworking member of the Igbo community of Umuofia whose tragic flow is his great fear of weakness and failure .Okonkwo fall from grace kin the Igbo community and eventual suicide makes Okonkwo a tragic hero by Aristotle definition .

                Okonkwo is a man of action , a man of war and a member of high status in the Igbo Village .Okonkwo hard work had made him a wealthy farmers and a recognized individual wars amongst then nine village of Umuofia and beyond.

              Okonkwo’s tragic flow is not that he was afraid of work. But rather his fear of weakness and failure that stems from his Father’s Unoka unproductive life and disgraceful death.

                “Okonkwo whole life was dominated by fear , the fear of failure and weakness it was not external but lay deep within himself . it was the fear of himself .lest he should be found to resemble his Father”.

                  Okonkwo’s Father is a lazy , carefree man whom has a reputation of bring poor and his wife and children have just barely enough to eat they money because he never paid back. Okonkwo’s father has never thought Okonkwo’s what is right and what is wrong , and as a result okonkwo has to interpret how to be a good man.


                   Okonkwo’s self – interpretation leads to him to conclude that a good man is someone who is the exact opposite of his father .Okonkwo’s things that ,

“ No matter how prosperous a man was if he was unable to tulles his woman and his children he was not really a man”

               Okonkwo’s wrestles with his fear that any sing of weakness will cause him to lose control of his family , position in the village , and even himself , like money heroes of classical tragedy , Okonkwo’s tragic flow , fear , also makes him excessively proud. Okonkwo downfall is a result of the changes created by the British colonizers to Igbo.

               The introduction of the colonizers into the novel cuisses Okonkwo’s tragic flow to be exacerbated .Okonkwo construes change as weakness, and , as a result of his interpretation, Okonkwo only knows how to react to change through anger and strength .

               Following Okonkwo’s seven year exile , the village Okonkwo one knew has changed due to the influence of Christianity and the influence of the British missionaries and officers . Okonkwo’s initial reaction is to arrant the clan against the colonizers and drive the British people out of Igbo.

“ He had put a knife on the things that had us together and we have fallen Apart”

                  Okonkwo’s has always used his strength and courage to protect the communality from destabilizing forces , and as Okonkwo is a traditional man , the introduction of Christianity poses a threat to all the values , morals and beliefs he sought to protect.

                 The Igbo culture had made Okonkwo a hero , but the Igbo culture changed with the coming of the British colonizers . Okonkwo , a hero would rather die than be humiliated by hi s enemies and by committing suicide Okonkwo prevented the European colonizers getting revenge .

“Everyone has a flow , nobody is perfect”. Okonkwo had many flows which qualifies him as a tragic hero.”

“ A Tragic hero by definition is” , 

“A literary character who makes an error in judgment or has a fatal flow that , combined with fate and external forces , bring on tragedy”

                     Every tragic hero begins his or her journey with a rise to for me .this aspect is very evident in Things Fall Apart ; Okonkwo had quite the celebrity lifestyle , from being able to win a competitive wrestling match against another legendary wrestler.

                     Okonkwo is a tragic hero in the classical ; although he is a superior character , his tragic flow the equation of manliness with rashness anger , and violence . beings about his own destruction .in this novel Okonkwo as tragic hero vital roll .

                    Whether it is literature of Shakespearean time or the colonization period of world literature .the idea of the tragic hero is integrated through all literature .the characteristics of a tragic hero , creates the situation of Okonkwo’s death Things Fall Apart . Macbeth’s tragic flow was his over confidant in himself Okonkwo’s tragic , flow was his uncontrollable anger issue. 

                     The Shakespeare literature of Macbeth also had a main character who was a tragic hero, Macbeth. Though Macbeth’s raise to power, he eventually become a king. Both Macbeth and Things fall Apart are exhibiting classic example of protagonist that are tragic heroes.

                  That was not the first encounter with Okonkwo’s tragic flow , his emotionally challenged mind state , nor would it be the last .in today’s society woman are know for being physically respected .especially by man 

                 There are two types of people in this world , those who solve there problems in a calm matter and those who use force to solve their problems. Okonkwo is obviously one of those people who solve their problems with force .

                Okonkwo , the last characteristic of a tragic hero is that their tragic flow must lead them to their dounfall.Okonkwo is a tragic hero because he exhibits all the qualities that a tragic hero should have , a rise to fame and tragic flow in the character that leads to their demise .

                 Let us remember that in Aristotle creation of the term a tragic hero, he said that a tragic hero was a character who was basically a good person , that undermined their goodness and lead them the path to tragedy. The character of Okonkwo in Chinua Achebe’s “Things Fall A part” is a literary example of a tragic hero , a hero who has many admirable qualities , but also a flow that leads to his demise.

                Okonkwo is a tragic hero in the typical sense : although he is a superior character , his tragic flow , the equation of manliness with rashness , anger , violence , and arrogance beings about his own destruction. Okonkwo , the main protagonist of the novel , expresses many stereotypical personality traits of a hero.

                Achebe also found it distressing that many African began to believe the western stereotypes of African culture were true and , as a result , were turning away from their culture to become more western.

                 Things Fall Apart takes place in the mid –to –late 1800s and essentially tells two stories. The first is the story of Okonkwo .a successful 160 former and respected leader in his village despite his vialent temper and unforgiving mindset.

                  Achebe’s ability to communicate the tragedy of Okonkwo’s experience to western readers , in spite of Okonkwo’s decidedly unsympathetic character , works one of the novel’s greatest achievements. Okonkwo’s character is shaped in reaction to his father in a sense , okonkwo represents a native culture threatened by the coming of Christianity and European ways. Okonkwo is a n exceptional individual who is destroyed by enormous cultural farces , but the potential heroism of his final act of defiance is ironically undercut by his alienation from his clan. 

                In a final ironic commentary on Okonkwo’s misguided heroism , Achebe tells his reader that the district commissioner plans to include a paragraph on Okonkwo’s unusual behavior in his projected book the pacification of the primitive tribes of the lower Niger , a reminder that Okonkwo’s inability to understand cultural change is a small reflection of a more blindness.

                  At the end of the novel , Okonkwo stands alone , a self proclaimed defender of an inflexible traditionalism that contradicts the true flexibility of his culture.

Conclusion :

             Explain the family structure, social structure , religious beliefs , and cultural traditions of the Igbo people .Identify two or three of Okonkwo’s strengths and weakness of character , and explain how these traits shape his actions in the story.Contrast Ibo and Christian culture and religious beliefs ,and explain how the differences between them contribute to conflict .Contrast the attitudes and behaviors of the people of Umuofia , Okonkwo’s fatherland , and mbrnta, his mother land 

Name :-Goswami Gayatri m

Paper :-02 – the neo-classical literature

Assignment topic:- tom Jones as realistic novel

Sem:-1 ,part-1

Roll no :-11

Submitted to

S.B.Gardi Bhavnagar university

Department of English

Bhavnagar

“Tom Jones as realistic novel”

This second edition of fielding’s perennially popular novel  reprints the definetiv fourth fourth edition text and corrected Henry fielding.

                   The novel is fully  annotated for undergraduate readers and is accompanied by a textual appendix and a map depicting  tom’s route to lend .

                  Tome Jones previous edition , “contemporary reaction” by such natworthy commentators as Samuel Johnson Samuel Richardson ,and the hill sisters continue to provide historical context .

              Tome jones is many of types critic and novels are writ , jones criticism is a collection of fourteen perspectives on tom Jones spanning the year     1826 to 1990 by semual.

“social evils reality and behavior of tom jones”

So called social morality is the result of irony in the novel.

      A very wholesome and comfortable doctrine ,and to which we have but one objection ,namly  , that it is not true.

        There lately …….. a gentlemen whose name was Allworthy ,and  who might well be called the favorit of  both nature .and fortune for both of these seem to have contended which should bless and enrich his most .

·     He fails to play his role as a responsible brother.

·     Lack of decisive power

·     His misjudgment understand human nature

·     Fail to  understand human nature

·     The education system is a disaster in tom Jones.

·     Tom Joes emerges such a good one ,and in that fact lies the importance of fielding use of education in the novel.

In the terms commonly used in Education tract,

Tom basic goodness must either arise from Innote  qualities or be learned :fielding has been careful to eliminate the force the reader to agree with the former.

Fielding’s own sentiment about such women as Mrs .waters is evident .

“tom jones about the series”

·     Each Narton critical Edition Includes an authoritative text .

·     Contextual and source materials

·     A wide range of interpretations from contemporarily perspectives to the most current critical theory.

·     As well as abibliography and in many cases ,a chronology of the authors life and work.

·     Defail from john wootans  a fox hunt ,reproduccedn by parmission of the Yale center for british art .

·     Although they claim to be interested in philosophy and religion they are selfish and only interested in their success.

·     Tom in lord fellamar is simpal aristocrat who is easily manipulated by lady bellaston.

·     Good V/S Feil

·     Combination of comedy and moral judgment.

·     Language of irony in tom jones:

·     Literary meaning of the word fits in the context while the connotative meanings result  in clashes.

·     For example the gentle man may not near the same in connotative significance .

·     The structure of tom jones is “Irony if From”.

·     Desire for money ,power ,position:-

·     What is the fom?

Form need not be ironic. It should be simple and supportive .it is for our psychological and aesthetic pleasure.

It is a virtual history or virtual memory created by a literary artist wich the perception of real world experience.

Vicious and fallen world in tom jones .

Tom jones  is a small series of peripeteias and discoveries that exactly forecast the grand Aristotelian peripeteia and discovery at the end scene by scene in a characteristic manner.

He says about Truth and human, a girl ,a on the eve of forced marriage with a young foxhunting squire from somerest flees from her father’s estate with her main and arrives at a country meet her unaccredited but sterling lover.

“tom jones femus novel they are”

§ “the novels ofernest hemingway :a critical study”.

§ The modern Indian English novel

§ Alexander novel king size bed

§ Bold classics on poetry and novel

§ The novelist responses to

§  

§ cotemporary Indian study of wovel.

“tom jones as  an individual & his relation with society?

Tom ,we shall respected human nature  at first to the country ,and  shall herself hash and ragoo it with all the high French and Italian improved of affection and vice which court and cities afforded.

His shows us the whole of life he saw it , in its extremes of poverty and luxury form molly sea grim to lady Ballston its extremes of folly and wisdom

                      “tom Jones is not hero”

Fielding was concerned to draw , not heroes ,which , to him ,were Impossible abstraction or invention ,but men as he knew them  finally a war should be added on fielding ‘s utter absence of inventions ,but man as he knew them.  

Finally , a word should be added on fielding’s utter absence of pretence.

“references”

1. Defoe the oxford companion to English literature ,Ed , Margaret drabble.

2. J.A.Cuddon ,a dictionary of literary terns

3.james,loui.(2006)

4.john Caruthers ,Scheherazade : or the future of the English novel(1928)  ,quoted in Randall Stevenson…etc.

Name :-goswami gayatri m

Paper:-01-The Renaissance in India

Assignment topic:-Hamlet as a revenge play

Roll no :-11

Semester:-1, parat-1

Submitted to

Dr.Dilip Barad

Maharaja Krishna Kumarsihji University

Bhavnagar

Hamlet as a revenge play

William Shakespeare:-

Introduction:-

Characteristic of revenge play and their application in hamlet .hamlet play are condition by the circumstances of their performance. In an author’s not to the published text  of jumper, tom.  absence of a definitive  has no certain existence. It is common to say .E.A.J.honigmann, the sability of Shakespeare. In preparing previous plays for publication  tried with some difficulty to arrive at something called  a “Definitive text” ,but I now believe that in the case of plays the is no such animal  Ech production  will throw up its own problems and very often the solution will lie in sane minor changes to the text either in the dialogue or in the author direction are both.

We still await the final solution to the problem of hamlet witch will make every obscurity  clear and resolve all our doubts. A long wait is likely since the problem of the text are not susceptible of   easy solution and tragedy treats of a world where all is for from dear and our difficulties never will be resolved since they are the price paid  by humanity for being an animal that is as rash as it is rational ,controlled neither by its instincts nor its intelligence ,but  by both in an uneasy ,and tragic ,alliance.

The student approaching hamlet must make up his mind about three clear question connected with the text in front of him and tree less certain ,but even more important question about the nature of what he  read, or intends to perform .all scholarship and criticism of the play has to address itself to these problem .

The Role of Hamlet:-

Hamlet appear to accept to code but in the soliloquies and action of the play , Shakespeare dramatizes the consideration of conscience and the power of thought which prevent hamlet ,literally against his will ,from achieving his desired blood revenge.

These six soliloquies dramatis exactly these power in hamlet soul   and  shows haw is memory and understanding are irrevocably opposed to his will .one third of hamlet desires to play  the part of strong.

“it he did we should not believe him”

v    Discuss about Hamlet as a Revenge Play:-

Hamlet play very close follows the dramatic conventions of revenge in Elizabethan theater. It is perhaps Shakespeare know the versions of sexo or krantz .it is perhaps even problem that he had read Belle forest .but it is not certain .what is evident is that his drama station has last none of the grim association of the folk  - talls  fortinbras and  the denish court ,a record.

It is an emotion that naturally appeals to dramatists since if provides a coherent and logical framework for the depiction of human passion .A series of events can clearly be seen to start with some original has been avenged.

“murder should be ravenge ,but is revenge not also murder” how is it possible to act against. Claudius without also acting in the same fashion as daudius?

“Hamlet, apparently ,is determined to play the part of luciamus”.

“hurder should be revenged but revenge not also murder?

How is it possible to act against cloudiest without also   aefing in the same fashion as Claudius”.

Revenge has caused the down fall of many a person. Its consuming nature causes one to act recklessly thought anger rather than reason.

                     Revenge is an emotion easily rationalized; one turn desires another. However this as a very dangerous theory live by thought by Hamlet, revenge is a dominant theme. Revenge has caused the downfall of many a person or an his life. This entitled King Hamlet to the land that  possessed by Fortinbras because it was written in a sealed compact.

            He wanted to lost the land that had been lost to Denmark when his father was billed.

“Revenge h s foul and must unnatural murder”

           Hamlet is still a play concerned with a son’s revenge for the murder of his father aided by their own historical vision and challenged by he particular requirement of their own to such an extent that the term revenge can usual be understood as referring to tragedies .

           Written between 1580 and 1642.shakespear has used the players and the murder of   Gonzaga to provide a great central reflecting mirror for the action of his play and has , in hamlet and Ophelia dramatist minds brought to the brink of destruction by frightened powerful .

              The ghost is Powerful and formidable figure whose armor remodels the spectators of the duties of the active life and in calling upon Hamlet to revenge his murder he summons memory  ,understanding and will to  his mother and not to taint his mind . these are command difficult to reconcile and almost impossible to execute or punishment exist at the same time no on can tall almost whether the ghost comes from heaven or from hell. The call to avenge a father murder is one to which few fail to respond.

           On the other hand , is more a representative of the passionate life. In the first play , he pauses for thought. Hamlet is for from a perfect character.

             Compared to the Scotland persistence of mendacity and viciousness ,or the uncomprehending.

               This  doubtful death seem dess catastrophic than heroic.

                   “revenge & tragedy ands with a funeral ,which also celebrates a victory”.  

GAYATRI GOSWAMI M

PAPER NO:-03-LITERARY THEORY &CRITICISM

ASSIGNMENT TOPIC:-DRYDEN AS CRITIC

SEMESTER-1-PART-1

ROLL NO-11

SUBMITTED TO

Dr. DILIP BARAD

M.K.Bhavnagar University

Dryden as a Critic

Introduction of john Dryden:-

John Dryden was born In the village rectory of near theapston in Northampton  where his maternal grandfather was rector of all saint. john was an English poet, literary critic ,translator ,and playwright who was

 mode poet laureate in ‘1668’ .he is seen dominating the literary life of restoration England to such a paint that the period come to be known in literary circle as the Age of Dryden.

“wolter scott called his glorious john”

v     LIMITED OF DRYDEN AS CRITIC:-

With all these merits, certain defect have also been noted in Dryden’s criticism. It is inconsistent betrays imperfect knowledge, and sometime give too much concession to tradition and classical Authority . Dr. Johnson   was the first critic to not these limitation of Dryden. He pointed to the inconsistency in Dryden’s attitude to Rhyming play. His lack of scruple and Even logic in refuting hostile critic ,or in defending some Diane of his own. There were also occasional inaccuracies in hen   his statements ,as when he referred to the tragedy of queen Gerboduc or credited Chapman with Employing Alexandrian in his homer .The truth was ,so Dryden was explain he was possessed of no very profound learning , despite appearance to the country  his critical doctrine being largely acquired in ordinary converse, and lured to account by a wise selection ,shrewd thinking and experience. “But these limitations are Insignificant in comparison with his great Achievement  and his final Estimate they cannot detract from the essential soundness of his position as a critic. He lived in an Age of changing critical values   , but still he kept his balance of mind and placed criticism on a high and sound foaling for the guidance of future generation. In 1668 Dryden published his Essay of dramatic document of his most important for general literary theory.

It is cast in  the form of a lively dialogue among four friend ,Critic ,Eugenics , Lisidius ,and Neander ,who have been identified respectively with sir Robert Howard lord Buckhurst , sir charls sedly ,and Dryden himself. They discuss the respective merit of ancient drama ,modern drama ,seventieth century French Neo-classical drama and the drama of the last Age.

The result of modification was the essay of dramatic poesy ,the immediate inactive for writing the essay ,

“published in 1665 sorbiewas a Frenchman”.

v     Dryden a great critic:-

Dryden belongs to the illustrious group of poet critic which induces such names as Ben Jonson ,Dr . Johnson ,Wordsworth , Coleridge ,Matthew Arnold ,Dryden greatness as a critic when he called him ,

“The father of English criticism”,

And his view of Dryden set the fashion of criticizing just as Shakespeare set the fashion of dramatizing. They did not take a comprehensive view of literature as a whole and connected with it.

v     Dryden freedom from rules

v     Dryden has adopted a very rational in criticism

He is a great admirer of the ancient writers and accept many of their principle. But he is not a servile imitator and changes the classical rules when he does not agree with them or finds them unfit for modern condition.

He is more interested in a work’s being good of its kind then in its conformity to any pre-concaved theories about good art.

v   Pioneer of history criticism:-

Dryden is the first English critic to make use of the historical method of criticism .he regards literature as mirror of society reflecting faithfully the characteristic of the Age,

“he says:-what pleased the Greek would not satisfy and English  audience”.

Dryden’s sense of history is shown in his remark on Chaucer who wrote “in the infancy if pur poetry”.

v   Emphasis on native Element in literature:-

Dryden is one of the English critics who never accepts France as the world’s greatest Arbiter of test. The English writers imitated the French writers ,and followed the principles of regularity and order and the spirit of good sense in their prose, drama and poetry.

v   T.S.Eliot also says in this connection:-

“The great significance of Dryden in criticism is that at the right moment he become conscious of the necessity of affirming the native Almost in literature and blended the English accent with the French accent.

We cannot afforded to forget how revolution , in their bulk and seriousness of purpose are Bryon’s analyses of Ben Jonson and Shakespeare and of his own plays.

“The imitation of nature”.

key terms of Postcolonial Literature

Topic:  Key terms of Postcolonial Literature

Name:  Goswami Gayatri M

Paper no:  11

M. A. Semester:   3

Roll no - 8

Year:   2014-15

PG Enrolment no: PG13101011

Email ID: gayatrigoswami19@gmail.com

Submitted to: Department of English

Smt. S. B. Gardi

Maharaja Krishnakumar sinhji Bhavnagar University

v  Introduction of Postcolonial: 

v  Image of Postcolonial:

·       The field Postcolonial studies gas been gaining romance sine the 1970s. 

·       The growing currency within the academy of the term “Postcolonial” was consulted by the appearance in 1989 of the empire writer back. Theory and practice in postcolonial literature by Bill Aschororoft, Gareth Griffiths, and Holon Stiffen.

·       The debate surrounding the status of settler countries as Postcolonial suggests that issues in Postcolonial studies often transcend the boundaries of strict definition.

·        The formation of the colony through various mechanism of control and the various stages in the development of scholars in the field. 

v  Higher  issues :

·        Despite the reservation and debates, research in postcolonial studies has continued to grow because postcolonial critique into power in various contexts.

 v  These are images of key terms in Postcolonial:

 

v   Orientalism : 

v   What is Orientalism?

·       “Orientalism”  is a term used  by art historians and literary and cultural studies scholars for the imitation or depiction of aspects of middle eastern and Asian cultures (Ester cultures) by writers , designers and  artists from the west , in particular , Orientalism painting , depicting more specifically “the many  Middle East” was one of the many specialism of 19^th  century acadamic are , and the literature of western countries took  a similar interest in oriental  themes. 

·       In short Orientalism refers to the orient or ‘East’ , ‘Orient’ means the  Eastern part of Asia is sometimes  referred to as the orient.

·       “Orientalism” is a way of seeing that imagines , emphasizes , exaggerates and distorts differences of Arab people and cultures as compared to that of Europe and U.S it  often involves seeing Arab culture  as exotic , backward , uncivilized  , and at times , dangerous. 

·        According to Said , Orientalism dates from the period of European enlighten and colonization of the Arab world.

·       Orientalism provided a rationalization for European colonialism based on a self serving history in which “The West” as extremely different and inferior, and therefore in need of Western intervention or “Resource”. 

·       Edward Said Orientalism arguably the most influential work of literary cultural criticism in the 20^th century.

 ·       Example : 

·       Early Orientalism can be seen in European painting and photographs and also in images from the world fair in the U.S in the  19^th and early 20^th century . 

·        The  painting , created by European artists of the 19^th and early 20^th centuries , depict the Arab world as an exotic and mysterious place of sand, harms and   belly dancer , reflecting a long  history of Orientalist   fantasies which have continued to permeate our contemporary popular culture.

·       Edward Said Orientalism (1973) inaugurated a field Postcolonial studies. 

·       Arguably the most influential work of literary cultural criticism in the 20^th century.

·       ‘Orientalism’ is the process  by which Europe  studied deplaned. 

·       Controlled and governed non- European cultures European scholars  studied and represented the non –European cultures in certain way: through stereotypes of the effeminate weak.

·       Edward Said , through a series of reading of western texts about Asia and Africa , demonstrates how literary texts coded particular images of the non west as a preliminary  to ruling it. 

·       That is, Said work shows how knowledge about the Orient (Asia) leads to power our the Orient.

·       Edward Said work  has vacillated a deeper understanding  of western literature and the relations between Europe and the rest of the world  by locating  culture within the power relation of colonialism. 

·       Orientalism offered Middle Eastern studies, transforming the way practitioners of the discipline describe and examine the Middle East. 

v  Race: 

·        ‘Race’ is term of the human life with connect, that type of the classification of human being into physically, biologically, and genetically distinct groups. 

·       The nation of race assumes, first, that humanity is divided into unchanging natures types, recognizably by physical features that are transmuted through  the blood  and permit destinations to be made between ‘Pure’ and ‘Mixed’ race. 

·       Farther, the term implies that the mental and moral behavior of human beings , as individual personality ideas and capacities , can be related of that pidgin provide a satisfactory account of the behavior . 

·       Race is particularly relevant  the rise of colonialism , because the division of human society in his way is inextricable from the need of colonialist powers to establish a dominance our  subject peoples and lance justify the imperial enterprise. 

·       Fanon’s Black Skin, White Masks on Race Consciousness 

·       Readers of Fanon’s Black Skin, White Masks often disagree about whether or not Fanon is arguing for or against the perpetuation of racial categories.

·       One interpretation suggests that Fanon’s sociogenic analysis demonstrates the inevitability, if not the necessity, of racial Categories. 

·       Race thinking and colonialism are idea, feeling, or quality with the (binary is system of expresses numbers using only the two digits ‘0’ and ‘1’ ) distinction and the some necessity for the hierarchization of human types. 

·       By translating the fact of colonial oppression into a justifying theory , however spurious , European Race thinking initiated  a hierarchy of human variation that has been difficult to remove.

·       Thus a fraught and volatile terms ‘Race’ , continues to hold  center stage while the theories on which concept of Race were .

·       Established have become and more blurred or unclear shapes of outline.

·       The usefulness of the concept of race in both establishing the Jennet superiority of imperial out culture  as it approached  its zenith , and at the sometime lumping together the ‘Inferior’ races under its central, can be seen in the example of English commentary on the ‘Race’ of Britain itself particularly the Irish.

v  Subaltern :

·       Subaltern was postcolonial term. Subaltern, meaning ‘of inferior rank’, is a term adopted by Antonio Grimace refers to those group in society when are the subject to the Hegemony of the ruling classes. 

·       Subaltern classes many include presents workers and other group denied access to Hegemony power since the history o f states and dominant groups , grimace was  interested in the historiography of the subaltern closes . 

v  Studying the history of the subaltern closes which included  : 

1.     Their  objective  formation 
2.    Their active or passive affiliation to the dominant  groups .
3.   The birth of new parties and dominant political  group. 
4.   The formations that the subaltern . 
5.   The new  formation within the old framework that assert the autonomy  of the subaltern classes :  and other point referring to trade unions and political parties. 

·       The motion of the subaltern becomes an issue in post- colonial theory when Gayatri Chakravarti Spivak critiqued the assumption of the subaltern studies group in the easy “Can the Subaltern Speak?”. This question , she claims , is one that the group must ask. 

·       The people or the subaltern is a group defined by its difference from the elite. 

·       If in the context of colonial production , the subaltern female is even more deeply  in shadow. 

·       Spivak examines the position of Indian women through an analysis of a particular case and concludes with the declaration that the subaltern cannot speak. 

·        Spivak target is the concept of an unproblematic ally constituted subaltern identity  , Rather than  the subaltern subject ability to give voice to political   concerns. 

·       For subaltern other speak “Homi K. Bhabha”. 

·       Spivak paint is that no act of dissent or resistance occurs on behalf of an essential subaltern subject entirely separate from the dominant discourse that provides the  language and the conceptual categories with which the subaltern voice speak 
. 
·       Clearly the existence of post- colonial discourse itself is an example of such speaking , an d in most cases the dominate language or mode of representation is appropriated so that the marginal voice can be heard. 

·       To guard against  essentialist destination views of subalternity. Guha suggests that there is a further distinction to be mode between  the subaltern and dominant indigenous group at the regional and local level.  

·       The term has been adopted to post colonial studies from the work of the subaltern studies group of historians, when aimed to   promote a systematic discussion of subaltern themes in south Asian studies. 

v   Hegemony :

Image of Hegemony:

·        Hegemony , initially a term referring to the dominance of one state within a confederation , is now generally understood to mean domination by consent. 

·       This   border meaning was coined and popularized in the 1930s by Italian Marxist Antonio grimace , who investigation why the ruling class was so successful in promoting its own interests in society . 

·       The term is useful for describing the success of imperial power over a   colonized people who  many for outnumber and occupying military force , but whose desire for self determination  has been suppressed by a hegemonic notion terms of social order, stability and advancement , all of which are definite by the colonizing power

 ·       “Hegemony”    is important because the capacity to influence the thought  of the colonized is by for the most sustained in colonized regions. 

·        A classical example of the operation of hegemonic is given by Gouri Vishvanathan , who shows how the humanistic functions traditionally associated with the study  of literature. 

·       The refraction is a precise demonstration of one mode of hegemonic control. 

·        It proved a particularly effective one because the discourse of English literature was disseminated with its attendant spiritual values, cultural assumption , social discrimination , racial preludes and humanistic values or less intact. 

·       Fundamentally hegemony is the power of the ruling class to convince other classes that their interests are the interest of all. 

·       Shortly dictionary meaning is Hegemony is a situation in which one country , organized or , group has more power , control , or importance than other. 

v  Hybridity   :

Image of Hybridity:

Hybridity  is one of the  most widely employed  and most disputed terms in post – colonial theory ,  Hybridity commonly refer to the creation of new trancultural forms within the context zone produced by colonization . 

·       As used in horticulture, the term refers to the cross breeding of two species by grafting or cross- pollination to form linguistic cultural , political , racial , etc. 

·       Linguistic  example include “Pidgin” and “Creole” language and these echo the foundational  use of the term by the linguist and cultural theorist Mikhail Bakhtim , who used it to suggest the disputation and trance figuring , of multiform narration. 

·       The term ‘Hybridity’ hmost recently associated as been with the work of Homi K. Bhabha , whose analysis of colonized relation stresses their interdependence and the mutual construction of their subjectivity. 

·       Hybridity has presciently been used in post –colonial discourse to mean simply cross- cultural ‘Exchange’. 

·       This use of the term has been widely criticized, since it usually implies negating and neglecting the imbalance and inequality of the power relations it references. 

·       This is however, nothing in the idea of Hybridity as such that suggests that   mutuality negates the hierarchical nature of the imperial process or that it involves the idea of an equal exchange. 

·       The assertion of a shored post colonial condition such as Hybridity has been seen as part of the tendency of discourse analysis to do historicize and delocate cultures from their temporal, spatial, geographical and linguistic contexts. 

v  Subject/ subjectivity: 

·  Image of subjectivity :

 
·        The question of the subject and subjectivity  directly affects colonized people’s perception of their identities and their capacities to resist the conditions of their domination , their subjection. 

·       The status of the human individual was one of the key features of enlightening philosophy. 

·       Desecrates declaration that I thing therefore I am confirmed the eventuality of the autonomous human  individual , a founding precept of humanism , a precept that effectively separated the subject from the object thought from reality or the self from the other. 

·       Separate from the world and could employ intellect and imagination in understanding and representing the world. 

·       Although debate about subject -  object  relations continued in European philosophy throughout the critique  off subject centered reason culmination in Nietzsche’s philosophy  , the most influential contemporary shift in his enlightenment position began in the  thinking  Freud and Marx. 

·        The concept of subjectivity problematizes the simple relationship between the individual and language, replacing human nature   with the concept of the production of the  human  subject through ideology discourse or language. 

v  Ideology : 

·       The most influential development of Marx’s nation of social being was Louis Althusser’s theory of the subject’s construction by ideology. 

·        Ideology is the system of ideas explains, or makes of , a society , and according to Marx is the mechanism by which unequal social relations are reproduced. 

·       The ruling classes not only rule, they rule as thinkers   and producers of ideas so that they  determine how the society sees  itself. 
v  Discourse: 

The construction of subjectivity within certain historical , social and cultural has been elaborated in a society  Michel Foucault  by , and most operate  within the lows of language , so discourse produces a subject equally dependent upon the rules of the system of knowledge that produces it. 

·        Derides critique of logo – cultism and the  metaphysical of presence  had led to perhaps the most radical view if the subject  the claim that any concept of a subject necessarily refers to concept of substance and this of presence out of with it was born . 

·       The problems inherent in a view of subjectivity as produced by border social focus at precisely this point 

·       Colonial discourse instructs a particular kind of subject with which the subject itself can and often does can our because of it powerlessness.