Movements of the 20th century

Topic:  Movements of the 20^th century

Name:  Goswami Gayatri M

Paper no: 9 – Modern literature

Semester:  3 - Roll no -8

Year:  2014-15

PG Enrolment no: PG13101011

Email ID: gayatrigoswami19@gmail.com

Submitted to: Department of English

                         Smt. S. B. Gardi

                         Maharaja Krishnakumar sinhji Bhavnagar University

INTRODUCTION

vMODERNISM:

vWHAT   IS MODRNISM?

Ø Modernism is notoriously difficult to define clearly because the term encompasses a verity of specific and philosophical movements including “Symbolism, Futurism, Surrealism, Expressionism, Imagism, Vorticism, Dada or Dadaism. Further complicate matters, many Modernist (including of the most successful and most famous), are not affiliated with any of these group.

v “WHEN WAS MODERNISM?”

¨      The dates of the modernism movement (itself a problematic term , as there  was in no sense a singular , consolidated , “movement”)are sometime difficult to determine .the beginning of the 20^th century  is an extremely convenient starting point it saw the end of  queen Victoria’s  reign, marking a symbolic break from the preceding century. The term of the century also roughly coincided with publication of several groundbreaking theories, such as Freud’s interpretation of dreams and Einstein’s theory of special relativity.

   

¨     As such as , there real shift (not merely symbolic changes) in the natural arts occurring at this time as well  .

¨     However , using  the year 1900  as a  starting  paint for modernism is also  problematic  , as it  would  exclude  some  writers or texts  from the let 1800s wish  definitively   display modernist tendencies.

¨     Many scholars are thus the year 1890  as a  starting  point ; it is  close to the end of queen Victoria’s reign and of the century , but still fairly  inclusive . it is important  to remember, however , the while 1890 is an entirely  appropriate  starting date , it is also an artificial one.

¨     As such as  , the modernist movement had reached  its  natural technology  conclusion and anything  which came after be part of a different part of literary history .

v These are the movements of the 20^th century :

    Dadaism

v“What is Dadaism?”

v “Dadaism or dada is a past – World  War  1 cultural movement  in visual art  as well as literature (mainly poetry) , theatre and graphic design”.

vImage of “Dadaism”:

¨     Dadaism was an art movement of the 20^TH century.

¨     Dada movement was an a European ‘AVANT-GARDE’ in the early 20^th century .

¨     Dada began in ‘Zurich Switzerland’ in 1916 , spreading   to ‘Berlin shortly’ thereafter but the height of , in 1915 . to a quote done buds the language of art knowledge

¨     “Dada was  born out of negative reaction to the herros of world war 1  .”

¨     Dada reject reason and logic , prizing nonsensical , traditionally  and  intuition.

¨     Yet as a larger constellation of ideas and identity, Dada  is not well understand .

¨     Scholars  and museums have  tended  to deal with its individual actors men graphically , leaving the broder premier of dada work alone.    

¨     This movement has been presented as a precursor to something else more defined generally surrealism.

¨     When it has been taken on , Dada has often been discussed in terms of absurdity non sense   , and anti art  concept with some justification in its rhetorical and thought , but witch paradoxically land to deflect further exploration of meaning .

“One particular movement the formed as a reaction to the political and war-torn averment was a movement called “Dada”.”

¨     The creation of  the dada is political is largely contributed to  Hugo ball  , a poet and theorist.

¨     The movement primarily involved visual art ,literature, poetry , art manifesto, art theory ,theater, and  graphic design , and concentration its anti – war politics through a rejection  of the prevailing standards in art through anti-art cultural work.

v Many Dadaists present of his views  like :

v “Hans Richter”:

v According to Hans Richter  Dada was not art: it was “Anti-Art” .Dada represents the opposition of everything which art stood for .

¨     Where art was concerned with traditional aesthetics , Dada ignored aesthetic. If art was  to appeal to sensibilities , dada was intended to offend

.

¨     As per about my view “Dada” word is use for “Art” so that time some kind of.

¨     “African music and jazz was common at dada gatherings , singing a return to the nature and primitivism.

v Art techniques developed:

“ TO PORTRAY ASPECTS OF LIFE ,

RATHER THAN RESPONDING OBJECT

VIEWED AS STILL LIFE”.

              Surrealism

¨     A style of art and literature developed principally in the 20^TH century , in Which fantastic visual imagery from the subconscious mind is used with no intention logically comprehensible .

a)     Involves fantasy and dreams

b)    Is illogical

c)     Stresses the subconscious

d)    Automatism –to aloe your subconscious

e)     Mind to take over take over in your Art

f)         Demented sense of humor

¨      Image of surrealism:

¨     Founded in 1924 by poet and critical Ander Breton  who published the surrealism & surrealistic manifesto :      join the world of fantasy to the everyday  rational  world in “AN  ABSOLUTE REALITY ,A SURREALISM”.

¨     “BRETON” adapted the theorist of “Sigmund Freud”  dream analysis the unconscious is the wellspring of the imagination.

·        Surrealism is that kind of movement you can not imagining of the things.  

·        Most Dada artists joined the surrealism movement as wall .

·        In this movement through exploration of ways to express in art the world of dreams and the unconscious.

·        “Artists ‘role’ to bring inner and outer reality together”

·        In the dreams , people moved beyond the constraints of society .

v   Two forms of surrealism:

¨       Biomorphic(interest in life forms):

Joan miro

¨     Naturalistic (recognizable sans of nightmare or dream images):

      Rona Magritte , Salvador Dali , the crucifixion ,1958.

¨       Surrealism works feature the element of surprise , unexpected juxtaposition and non sequitur: however , many surrealist artist and writers regard their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first , and for most , with the work being an artifact.

¨     “The founded of the movement”:

¨     Known  as  surrealism , was  Andre Breton , who in 1924 issued the  first  surrealist manifesto , which explained that a higher  reality could be captured by freeing the mind from  logic and rational central .

¨     The group aimed to revolutionized human experience , in its personal  , cultural , social , and political aspects.

¨     In 1924 they declared their philosophy in the first “surrealistic manifesto” that some  year they established the Bureau of surrealist research , and began publishing the journal “La revolution surrealist”.

¨     Surrealist manifesto :

¨     Breton wrote the manifesto of 1924 that  defines the purposes of the  group he defined as a :

A.    Dictionary :

¨       Surrealism a pure psychic  automatism , by which   one presses , either  verbally , in writing , or by any other manners , the real functioning  of thought.

B.      Encyclopedia:

¨       Surrealism philosophy

C.     La revolution surrealism:

¨        Shortly after releasing the first surrealist manifesto , the surrealist published the inaugural issue of ‘La revolution surrealism.

D.    Bureau of surrealist research:

¨      The bureau of surrealist research (central  surrealism) was the center for surrealist writers and  artists to meet , hold discussions  , and conduct interviews .they investigation speech under trance.

E.      Expansion:

¨       The movement in the mid – 1920s was characterized by meeting in cafés where  the  surrealist  phoned  collaborative drowning  games , discussed the theories  of surrealism , and development a variety of techniques such as automatic drowning.

F.      In expansion surrealism in two sub topic :

¨        1. Writing continues: main article : surrealist cinema

¨        2.  Surrealist films

¨        3.  Surrealist  theatre

¨        4.  Music by surrealists.

G.    Surrealism and international politics :

¨        Surrealism as a political force developed unevenly around the world:    in some places more emphasis was on political practice looked to supersede  both the art and the politics .

“politically , surrealism was Trotskyites,

Communist  , or anarchist”.

H.     Gold age :

¨        World war 2 and the post war period.

¨         Thoughtful  the  1930s , surrealism continued to become  more visible to public at large.

¨     The characteristic  of this style , a combination of the depictive  , the abstract , and  the  psychological.

I.         Post -  Breton surrealism:

¨        There is no clear consensus about the end , or if there  was and , to the surrealist movement some art historians suggest that world war 2 effectively disbanded the movement.

J.         Impact of surrealism:

¨      1. Other sources used by surrealism epigons

¨       2. 1960 reacts

¨       3.  Postmodernism and popular culture

¨       4.  Surrealist group

¨       5.   Surrealism and the theatre

¨       6.   Surrealism and comedy

K.     Criticism of surrealism :

¨        1.  Feminism:    Dorothea Tanning; feminists have in the post critiqued surrealism , claiming that is fundamentally a mole movement and a mole followship.

¨        2.  Freudian  :   Freud initiated the psychoanalytic critique of surrealism with his remark that what interested him most about the surrealists was not their unconscious but their conscious.

    Imagism

¨     Imagism was a movement in early 20^th century Anglo  American poetry that favored precision of imagery and  clear, sharp language.

vImage of imagism

¨     It has been described as the most influential movement in English poetry since the activity of the pre – Raphaelites.

¨      As  a  poetic style  it gave modernism its start in the early 20^th century , and is considered to be the first organized modernist literary  movement in the English  language.

¨      Pre – imagism :

Well – know poets of the Edwardian era of the  1890s , such as Alfred Austin, Stephen Philips , and Williams Watson, hed been working every much in the shadow of , Tennyson producing weak imitation  of the poetry of the Victorian era .

¨        They continued to work in this vein into the early years of the 20^th century.

“    No one has written purer imagism then (Johnson) I has , in the line clear lir the fields , and fade in to blue air it has a beauty like the Chinese.”

v Des imagists  :

¨     Determined to promote the work of the imagists , and particularly of Aldington and H.D, pound decided to publish and anthology under the title des imagists.

¨       The imagist movement flourished from 1910 to 1918. its first anthology , Des imagists was published in d work and that of the 1914 with Ezra pound , the distinguished American poet , as editor.

v Some imagist poets :

¨     Amy Lowell, moved to London, determined to promote her own and work and thab of the other  imagist poets , like ‘flint’ , ‘Abbott Lawrence Lowell’etc.

v  The imagist after imagism:

¨     In 1929, ‘Walter Lowenfels’   to kingly suggested that Aldington should produce a new imagist anthology of the poets  who were published in the various imagist anthology , by H.D are new primarily remembered and red as novelist.

v Legacy:

¨       Despite the movement’s shortly life , imagism would influence the  course of modernist in English .

¨       Imagism influenced   a  number  of poetry circles and

¨     With the imagist free verse became a discipline and acquired status as a legitimate poetic form.

    Expressionism

vImage of expressionism:

¨     Expressionism , according to R.G.Hagger,”is a form of romantic art in wich emotion or emotes ,expressed through violent distortions and exaggeration , are taken to the point of excess.

¨     This movement becomes dominant , especially points life not as it is visible to him on the surface but life as he or his character passionately feels it to be.

¨     The expressionists rejected the limitation of external vision  or a wider political one of a world after depicted as bizarre and violent.   

¨     Expressionism was development as an Avanti Grade style before the first world was  remained popular during the Wilmore republic, particularly in Berlin.

¨     Expressionism was a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting in Germany at the beginning of  the 20^th century.

v Main article Expressionist music:

¨     The term expressionism was probably first applied to music in 1918, especially to Schoenberg because like the paint Kandinsky  he  divided traditional forms of beauty Convey powerful feeling in his music.

·        Early 20^th century it emphasizes and glorified themes associated with contemo

            Futurism

·        Futurism  was an artistic and social movement that Early 20^th century it emphasizes and glorified themes associated with contemporary concept of the future , including speed, technology , youth and violence , and objects such as the car , the airplane and the industrial city.

vImage of futurism:

v Italian futurism:

v   Futurism is an Avant-Garde movement of in Milan in 1909 by the Italian poet filippo Tommaso Marinetti.

v    Marinetti lunched the movement in his futurist time on February 1909 in La Gazette dell Emilia, an article then reproduced in the French daily newspaper Le figure on 20 February .

v  Futurist Architecture:

v The futurism architect Antonio sant Elia expressed his ideas of modernity in his drowning for La Cilt  Nuore. This project  was never built and Santi Elia   was killed in the first world war , but his ideas influenced later generation of architects and artist.

v Russian futurism:

¨     Russian futurism was a movement of literature and the visual arts. The poet Vladimir Mayakovski was a prominent member of the movement.

¨     The Russian futurists sought controversy by repudiating the art of the post, saying that Pushkin and Dostoevsky should be “heaved overboard from that steamship of modernity”.

v   Futurism in music:

¨     Futurism music rejected tradition and introduce experimental sounds inspired by machinery , and would influence several 20^th century composers.

¨     Futurism was one of art music that paid homage to , included or imitated machines.

v Futurism in literature :

¨      Futurism as a literary movement made its official debut with F.T.Marinettis   manifesto of futurism.

¨     Poetry the predominate medium of futurism literature , can be characterized by its unexpected combinations of images and hyper conciseness.